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【】nity. butaftertheyhadsettleddoehadbeerich andothershadgroenttofallinto thehandsofthoseobligedtoheirliving andselvestopolitics. ihavetoldyouhohishadhappenediandin sopotaaandingreeong thegernicpopulationofeeuropeassoonasorder hadbeeored.theeeuropeanworldwasruled inthefirstplacebyaneeroredbytheseven htstiortantkingsofthevastroneireof thegernnationandaginary andverylittleactualpoberof ki hehandsofthousandsoffeudalpriheir subjectssorserfs.thereies.there iddleclass.butdurihirteeury afteraathousaheddle oreappeareduponthehis toricalstageanditsriseichapter, hadantadecreaseintheinfluehecastlefolk. thusfar,theking,inrulinghisdoins,hadonlypaid attentiontotheenandhisbishops.butthe he theddleclassorsuffer froneverincreasiinessofhisexchequer.their jestiesiftheyhadfolloheirhiddenwisheswould haveasliefnsultedtheirheirpigsasthegood burghersoftheirselves. theyshebitterpillbecauseitnot houtastruggle. inengland,duringtheabsenhardthelion heartedotheholyland,butending thegreaterpartofhiscrusadingvoyageinanaustrian jailthegoventoftheuntryhadbeenplathe handsofjohn,abrotherofrichard,whowashisinferiorin theartofinistrator.johnhad begunhisandyandthe greaterpartofthefrenanaged togetintoaquarrelous ehehohenstaufens.thepopehadexnicated johnasgregoryviihadexnicatedtheeeror henryivturiesbefore.intheyear1ad beenobligedtokeanignoniouspeacejustashenryiv undisyedbyhislaess,johnntioabuse hisroyalpoadeaprisoner oftheiranointedrulerandforisethathe erferehthea rightsofhissubjects.allthishappenedonalittleislandin thethas,hevillageofruhe15thof juheyear1215.thedottohjohnsigned hisnaagnacarta.it ntainedverylittlethatrestatedinshortand direerated theprivilegesofhisvassals.itpaidlittleattentiontothe rightsifanyofthevastjorityofthepeople,thepeasants, butitoffereduritiestotherisingclassofthe rts.itportanauseitdefined thepooreprecisionthanhadeverbeen donebefore.butitediaevaldot.it didonhunbeings,uheyhappeo bethepropertyofthevassal,ustbesafeguarded againstroyaltyrannyjustasthebaronialows ectedagainstanexcessofzealoofthe royalforesters. afeer,hoohearaverydifferent heuy. john,nly hadprosedtoobeythegreatcharterandthenhadbroken everyosnystipulations.fortunately,hesoondied ando reghecharteraneeanhe oneyandthe kingightpayhis obligationstothejeoneylehelargelandowners andthebishopsedasuncillorstothekinguld notprovidehithenecessarygoldandsilver.theking thengaveordersthatafeativesofthecitiesbe calledupontoattendthesessionsofhisgreatuncil.they detheirfirstappearaheyear1265.theyweresupposed toalyasfinancialexpertssupposed totakeapartinthegeneraldisattersofstate,but togiveadvilusivelyuponthequestionoftaxation. gradually,hons anyoftheprobleaing ofnoblen,bishopsandcitydelegatesdevelopedintular parliant,aplace``oulonparfait,eansinenglish portantaffairsofstatewere decidedupon. buttheinstitutionofsuchageneraladvisoryboardh certaiivepoanenglishiion,as seetokethegeneralbelief,andgoventbya``kingand hisparliantearictedtothebritishisles. youeuntries, likefraherapidincreaseoftheroyalpoerthe ddleagesreduenttonothing. intheyear1302representativesofthecitieshadbeen adttedtotheetingofthefrenchparliant,butfive entrong enoughtoasserttherightsoftheddleclass,thesocalled thirdestate,ahepoheking.thenthey deupforlosttiandduringthefrenchrevolution,abolished theking,theadetherepresentatives ofthenpeopletherulersoftheland.in spaiexthekingsuncilhadbeeothe nersasearlyasthefirsthalfofthethtury. inthegerineire,anuerofiortantcitieshadobtained therankof``ierialcitiesust beheardintheierialdiet. insativesofthepeopleattehesessions oftheriksdagatthefirstetingoftheyear1359.in denrkthedaneholf,theanbly,wasre establishedin1314,and,althoughtheenregairol ofth ...