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dedarywasanold one.foryearsthesailorsoftheerfronthadtalked aboutit.iiesofthesixteeury,the ruurtookadefiniteshape.agtopilotswhohad beeninlisbon,allthespanishandpuesewharveswere buildingships.andiheherlandsinbelgiubr> thedukealargeexpeditionary forostendtolondonandaterdabr> assoonasthefleetshouldarrive. intheyear1586thegreatardasetsailforthenorth. buttheharboursofthefleshastkadedbya dutchfleetandtheelheenglish,and thespaniards,austodtothequieterseasofthesouth,did notknoonavigateinthissquallyandbleaknorthe clite.adaoacked byshipsandbystoritellyou.afewships,by sailingaroundireland,escapedtotelltheterriblestoryof defeat.theothersperishedahebottofthenorth sea. tuaboutisfairplay.thebritishnodthedutchprot estantsnoy. beforetheendofthean,hthehelpofa booklettenbylinschotenahollanderwhohadbeenin thepueseservice,hadatlastdisveredtherouteto theindies.asaresultthegreatdutcheastindiapany atichepueseand spanishloniesinasiaandafricawasbeguninallseriousness. ithisearlyeraoflonialhata curiouslaoutichurts.earlyin thesevehturyadutaptainbythenaofvan heekerk,anadehielffausasthehead ofaioodisverthenortheaste passagetotheindiesahefrozen shoresoftheislandofnovazela,hadcapturedapuese shipiraitsoflaberthat thepopehaddividedtheotwoequalshares,oneof othespaniardsahertothe puese.thepuesequitenaturallyregardedthe erheirindianislandsaspartoftheir oont,theyatwar edthatthe captainofaprivatedutchtradingpanyhadnhtto eheirprivatedoinaheirships.andthey broughtsuit.thedirectorsofthedutcheastindiapany hiredabrightyounglaeofdegrootor grotius,todefendtheircase.hedetheastonishingplea thattheoisfreetoallers.osidethedistance thelandreach,theseais togrotiusoughttobe,afreeandopenhighway toalltheshipsofallnations.itethatthis startlingdoehadbeenpubliclypronounaurt oflaheotherseafaringpeople.to unteraouspleaforthe``re liberuor``opensea,johnselden,theenglishn, oustreatiseuponthe``relosed seareatedofthenaturalrightofasntard theseasryasbelongingtohisterritory. intionthisherebecausethequestionhad beendecidedanddurisof difficultiesandplications. toretutotheweenspaniardandhollander andenglishn,beforetost valuableloheindiesandthecapeofgoodhopeand ceylonandthosealoofaandevenjapanwere inprotestanthands.in1621apanywas foundedericabuilt afortresscallederdattheuthoftheriver heyear1609 thesenehenglandach republictosuextentthattheyuldhirefnsoldiers todotheirfightingonlandselves tortheprotestaant independenanyotherpartsof europeitantasuessionofhorrorsparedtohe lastildexcursionofkindlysundayschoolboys. thethirtyyearsheyear1618 andoustreatyofphaliain1648 heperfeaturalresultofaturyofeverincreasing religioushatred.iterriblewar.everybody foughteverybodyelsearuggleendedonlywhen allpartieshadbeenthhlyexhaustedanduldfightno longer. ihanageionittuednypartsoftral europeintoahehungrypeasantsfought fortheassofadeadhorsehtheevenhungrierwolf. fivesixthsofallthegerntoroyed. thepalatinate,inany,lundered tes.andapopulatioeenllion peopleillion. thehostilitiesbeganalstassoonasferdinandiiof thehouseofhabsburghadbeeedeeror.hewas theproduostcarefuljesuittrainingandost obedientasonoftheh.thevohhehad deasayoungn,thatheeallsed allheresiesfroisdoins,ferdinaothebestof hisability.tion,hischiefoppo, frederick,theprotestaorofthepalatinateanda soninlaesiofengland,hadbeendekingof bohea,iviolationofferdinandswishes. atonia.the youngkinglookedinvainforassistanidable ehedutchrepublihelp,but, engagedinadesperatesohthespanishbranch ofthehabsburgs,itulddolittle.thestuartsinengland oreiediheningtheiroepower athothanspendingneyandnuponaforloadventure infaraia.afterastruggleofafeonths, theelectorofthepalatinateains othehouseofbavaria.thishebeginning ofthegreatwar. thenthehabsburgares,uillyandein, foughttheirany untiltheyhadreachedtheshoresofthebaltiatholic neighbourantseriousdaheprotestantkingof denrk.selfbyattag hiseneesbeforetheyhad ...