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【】fferent uothelegislatureandhadlawspassed ingofsuchtradeunionsbecausethey interferedan. pleasedonotthinkthatthegoodersofparliant heselayrants.theywere thetruesonsoftherevolutionaryperiodwheneverybody talkedof``libertyandenkilledtheieighbours becausetheyquiteaslibertylovingasthey oughttohavebeen.since``libertyostvirtue ofn,itrightthatlabourunionsshoulddictateto theirersthehoursduringheyuldworkand theustdend.theanstat alltis,be``freetosellhisserviarket,and theeloyerstbeequally``freetonducthisbusiness ashesa,when thestatehadregulatedtheindustriallifeoftheentire nity,ingtoahene insistedthatthestatestairelyasidearce takeitsurse. thelasthalfofthe18therelybeena tiofintelleic ideas,too,hadbeenreplacedbyersuitedthe hehour.severalyearsbeforethefrenchrevolution, turgot,inistersof financeoflouisxvi,hadpreachedthenoveldoeof ``enocliberty.turgotlivedinauntryhhad sufferedfrooulations,too nyoffianylaovethis officialsupervision,hee,``letthepeopledoastheyplease, ahingousadviceof ``laissezfairebecathebattlecryaroundists ofthatperiodrallied, atthesatiinengland,adathwasw onhisghtyvolusonthe``hofnations,ade anotherpleafor``libertyandthe``naturalrightsoftrade. thirtyyearslater,afterthefallofnapoleon,hereaary poheirvictoryatvienna, thatsafreedothepeopleintheir politicalrelationsintheirindustrial life. thegeneraluseofery,asihavesaidatthebeginning ofthischapter,provedtobeofgreatadvahe state.aedeitpossible forasiry,likeengland,tocarryalltheburdens ofthegreatnapoleonicaliststhepeople oneyaes reapedenorusprofits.theybecaaitiousandbegan totakeainpolitics.theytriedtopetehthe landedaristoyillexercisedgreatinfluenceupon thegoventofsteuropeanuntries. inengland,eersofparliantill electedagtoaroyaldecreeoftheyear1265,and berofretlycreatedindustrialtreswere houtrepresentation,theybroughtaboutthepassingofthe reforilloftheyear1882,heelectoral systendgavetheclassofthefactoryooreinfluence uponthelegislativebody.thisho disangthellionsoffactoryere leftent.theytoobegan anagitationfortherighttovote.theyputtheirdends doeobeknohe``peoples charter.thedebatesaboutthischartergreoreand reviolent.theyhadoanendherevolutions oftheyear1848brokeout.frightehethreat ofaneandvioleheenglish goventplacedthedukeofon,in hiseightiethyear,attheheadofthear,andcalledfor volunteers.londonateofsiegeand preparatioosuppresstheingrevolution. buttheentkilleditselfthroughbadleadership andnoactsofvioleookplace.thenelassof hyfactoryoheword``beoisie odeathbytheapostlesofaneial order,sloent,and thenditionsofindustriallifeinthelargecitiesntio transforastacresofpastureandlandintodreary slu,odeeuropean town. encipation thegeneralintroduaery didnabouttheeraof happinessandprosperityh hadbeeedbythegeion hestageaed bytherailroad.several rediesedbutnone ofthesequitesolvedtheproblebr> intheyear1831,justbeforethepassingofthefirstreforbr> billjerebenthathegreatenglishstudentoflegislative thodsapraerofthat day,fortableisto keothersfortable.theakeothersfortable istoappeartolovethethe istolovethey.jerean.he saidhebelievedtobetrue.hisopinionsweresharedby thousandsofhisuntryn.theyfeltresponsibleforthe happinessoftheirlessfortunateneighboursaried theirverybesttohelptheandheavenknoe thatsothingbedone theidealof``enocfreedohe``laissezfaireof turgothadbeennecessaryintheoldsocietyediaeval restriedallindustrialeffort.butthis``libertyof ahehighestlahelandhadledto aterrible,yea,afrightfulndition.thehoursinthefac toryitedonlybythephysicalstrengthoftheworkers. aslongasaanuldsitbeforeherloohout faintingfroatigue,sheohildrenof fiveandsixills,tosavetherobr> thedangersofthestreetandalifeofidleness.alawhad beenpassedhechildrenofpauperstogotowork orbepunishedbybeingaes.iu fortheirservialive andasortofpigstyinheyuldrestatnight.often theyiredthattheyfellasleepattheirjob.tokeep theaheroundsa thentheknuk totheirduties.ofurse,uheseesthousands oflittlechildrehisployers, ...