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【】udishangihe horizon.thisiscalledinese”firstpoliteness,andtheny abouttorevoltenth”rruption”and”sellingthe untrytoitsereadroitlychargesthe rebellingpartyto”operateforpead”fortheunityofthenation,””because iesvenearer andheclashinglineanddigdeeperarehepartythatfindsa bettersoundiheeyesofthepublic.thedeadlanguagetherefore beissiblesolongasyoucallitbythe e. soinstaheeseliteraryfihefolloial goventearkedonapoli,itfourely cleverplybanningintaxing,”andthedisveryofthat sloganalonecarriedthepolicythroughasnoanpossiblyuld.he entreveditscapitalfroankingtoloyangfollohe shanghairesistance.”insze sooftheerstoplantopiuandhadthecleveessto erstoplant opiuretly,thesaprovincehasprodueaxcalled”goodax,”i.e., arataxontopofthoseestheregularfarax,aboutgoodhepeopleandthesoldiersbypayingthesoldiers andkingitunneyfurthertohelptheelves.thatiswhy, ongourselves,thefndevilsfortheir ”silendedness.” suchliterarycatastrophesarepossibleonlyinanationbelievinginafalseliterary standard,andareinfactrelytheresultoftheethodofteag positioninprirysodeanha literaryatrocity,lydoeitherofthings.first,hetakethetraditional vieeratureandblandlyregarditaspurebelleslettres,hneedhaveno rrelatiosheingissupposedtonvey梐ndthenread betustdendaatioweenwordsand thoughtandaneorecapableofexpressing nslifeandthoughts.iregardtheprevalenh verbosestatentsasalpraereofaliterarythanofapoliticalin.buthe stalsobelievethatunlesssuchliterarylpraesare,political lpraesstalsofollow. vii.literaryrevolution aliteraryrevolutionein1917,led bydr.hushihauhsiu,advogtheuseofthespokenlanguageasthe literarydiuthereherrevolutionsbeforethis.hanyuiang dynastyhadrevoltedagainsttheeuphuisticstyleofthefifthandsixthturies,and advoplestyle,bringingitbacktoasaerarystandardand givingusarereadableprose.butitotheearlyliteratureofthe ghoudynasty.thisitate theas,anditeasy.afterhanyii,literaryfashionsfluctuatedbetween itatingtheghouperiodandthehanperiod,andself bee,atdifferenttis,a greatperioditselfforitationthesungpeopleitatedthetangs,andthe ngandgitatedthetangsandsungs. literaryfashioions. onlyaslateastheendofthesixteeurydidthereriseanhat ”depeopleshouldodelanguage,”shhoutasound historitive.thisogetherhhisthers.yuan daredtoinrporateerurseandevenslangwordsinhisprose, andforatiheobtainedgreatliteraryvogue,haschooloffollowersknownas thekunganseofyiiansdistrict.itoo,who advoalandstylistiventions.itwas heyour”yourpen.itedapersonal, individualisticstyle,believingthatliteraturetheexpressionofones personality,hsingling,berepressed. buttheuseofnpladslahodox urtcritidthisauthorreceivednothingexceptepithetslike”frivolity,” ”inelegance,””unorthodoxy,”inallhistoriesofliterature.onlyaslateas1934was thisfouhepersonalstyleofpartialortotaloblivion. yuanalsoneverhadtheurage,ortheinsight,toadvocatetheuseofpekhua,orthe veaculartongue,ining.ithertheersofpopulaovelswhohad givenupallaitiontoliteraryfaahepehkuato ketheiovelsintelligibletothepublicthatlaidthetruefoundationofliteraturein thelivingtongue.nsequently,ediu hehad,asherepeatedlyinsisted,thegroundfor nearlyathousandyearsbytheses,andpeopleediuad readyfirst.hespletesuessinthe spaceofthreeorfouryears. tportantgesfolloheliteraryrevolution.first,thecultivationofthe personal,faliarstyleofing,represehechoubrhoutsojenand ghoushujen”lusin”,itishatghoutsojenlyinfluencedby theschoolofyuanghunglang.thesendgehesocalled ”europeanizationofese”insyntaxaser asitisiableier.theintroduofsisonlynatural,for oldteraxenotadequatetorepresentdec ...